Global Demand For Energy Has Increased Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(30) " investings to run into them\." Global demand for energy has increased from 1979 to the twelvemonth 2005 at a growing rate of 1.5 per twelvemonth. But from 2005 onward the planetary energy demand per twelvemonth has increased to 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Demand For Energy Has Increased Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4. Keeping the same energy ingestion tendencies, it has been predicted that these demands would increased to 50 by 2030 as shown in the figure [ 2.1 ][ 1 ].1.jpg Fig. 2.1 Global Energy Consumption Growth is increased at 2.4 per twelvemonth after 2006 The developed states already consumed the most of the universe energy, but the energy demands in developing states are turning at much faster rate. Among developing states, China and India have the fastest turning rate. The energy demands in both states have increased at a fast rate ( 8 to 18 ) during 1980 to 2005. It has been estimated that China and India are projected to devour 25 of the universe energy by 2030[ 2 ]. These energy demands have increased due to rapid addition in population and rapid economic growing. In developing states per capita energy consumed has increased but still their ingestion is far behind the developed states like OECD Countries, as shown in Figure [ 2.2 ] . Entire universe energy demand demoing part of Non-OECD states and parts. Beginning: BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Fig. 2.2 Energy Consumption in developing states has been increased at a fast rate so developed states By and large the universe energy demands are fulfilled with assorted energy resources including crude oil, Coal, Gas, Nuclear energy, Hydro energy etc. But the chief part is coming from Petroleum, Coal A ; Gas. Petroleum is the universe ‘s premier beginning of energy, with oil carry throughing more than 30 of entire universe energy demands. Coal is going the 2nd largest and fast turning energy beginning, lending 25 of the planetary energy demands during the recent old ages, as shown in the Figure [ 2.3 ][ 3 ].Untitled-1.jpg Fig. 2.3 Global Energy Consumption is chiefly based on Non-renewable resources ( Oil, Coal A ; Gas ) 2.2 Adverse Impacts of Energy Consumption on Earth After the industrial revolution in the eighteenth cantury, most of the industrialised states have used non-renewable energy resources ( fossil fuels ) . As a consequence now more than 80 universe energy is derived from these non-renewable energy resources. The current energy ingestion forms are non-sustainable and besides consuming at a fast rate. At the same clip the usage of these non-renewable resources have assorted inauspicious impacts on our environment, with the uncontrolled emanation of GHG gases ( Green House Gases ) . In the current scenario, if no farther action is taken to cut down the energy ingestion, energy related CO2 emanations will increase 49 by 2030 as compared to in the twelvemonth 2005 as shown in the Figure [ 2.4 ][ 4 ].Untitled-1.jpg Fig. 2.4 Global CO2 emanations will increase 49 by 2030 as compared to in the twelvemonth 2005 This addition in GHG emanations due to lifting energy ingestion is ensuing in â€Å" Global Heating † . 2.2.1 Global Warming Global heating is the alteration in clime caused by the increased mean temperature of the lower ambiance due to inordinate sum of GHG ( nursery gases ) . Global heating is caused by assorted factors but the most ascendant is concerned with the human intervention peculiarly the inordinate emanation of GHG by devouring energy generated from fossil fuels. The chief Green House Gases in the Earth ‘s ambiance are ; Water Bluess Carbon Dioxide ( Co2 ) Methane Azotic Oxide and Ozone Greenhouse gases ( GHG ) , including C dioxide, methane, and H2O bluess act like a nursery around the earth.A These gases allow the heat from the Sun rays into the Earth ‘s ambiance, but non leting the heat to get away back into the infinite as shown in the Figure [ 2.5 ] .A The more nursery gases there are, the larger the per centum of heat that is trapped inside the Earth ‘s ambiance[ 5 ]. global20warming20diagram.jpg Fig. 2.5 Graphic Representation of Greenhouse Gases Emission Process With inordinate GHG emanations, the unnatural rise in Earth ‘s atmosphere temperatures cause the Global Warming. Global Warming has assorted inauspicious effects on Earth including ; Rise in Earth Temperature ( Earth Temperature will lift up to 3 grade Centigrade by 2030 ) Rise in Sea degree ( The sea degree due to runing of polar ice cap A ; other glaciers will lift 21 inches by 2050. Melting of polar ice cap A ; Glaciers ( From the twelvemonth 1979 to 2005 the 21 of the polar ice cap has already gone ) Abrupt alteration in clime ensuing inundations A ; hurricanes ( Due to alter in clime rain falls timings has been disturbed, rain falls are non coming at their coveted timings ) Decrease in air quality ( The Co2 constituents maximal bound is 350 p.p.m. â€Å" parts per million † , presently this figure has already reached to 388 p.p.m )[ 6 ] Break of H2O supplies will hold farther inauspicious impacts including ; Impacts on Economic Development Decrease in Agricultural Merchandises Disease epidemic 2.3 GHG Emissions by assorted Sectors As has been described earlier, the GHG emanations are caused by the energy ingestion by the assorted sectors. Building sector including residential and commercial is responsible for at least 40-50 of energy usage in most of the states[ 7 ]as shown in the Figure [ 2.6 ] . Presently this tendency is lifting fast due to present building roar in developing states such as China, UAE and India. Fig. 2.6 GHG emanations are caused by the energy ingestion by the assorted sectors The other sectors are Industrial and Transportation, devouring 31 and 28 severally. As industrial sector is besides associated with edifices, it has been identified that edifices sector, infact is devouring about 70 of universe energy for their operations. In other words, edifices are the major beginning of GHG emanations. Fig. 2.7 GHG emanations caused by assorted sectors 2.4 Energy Consumption Trends Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any state. The energy sector assumes a critical importance in position of the of all time increasing energy demands necessitating immense investings to run into them. You read "Global Demand For Energy Has Increased Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Economic growing is desirable for developing states, and energy is indispensable for economic growing. However, the relationship between economic growing and increased energy demand is non ever a straightforward linear one. In developing states the ingestion of coal, oil, gas, and electricity is expected to treble within the following 30 old ages.[ 8 ] Although the maximal universe ‘s population ( 80 ) lives in the development states ( a fourfold population addition in the past 25 old ages ) , their energy ingestion sums to merely 40 of the universe entire energy ingestion as shown in the Graph [ 2.1 ] . WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION Graph 2.1 Energy Distribution between Developed and Developing States from 1980-2005 The energy ingestion of assorted developed and developing states are shown in Graph [ 3.1 ][ 9 ]. It may be seen that developed states like USA, Canada, France, UK consume more energy in contrast to the developing states like China, India A ; Pakistan. It can besides be observed from the Graph [ 2.2 ] that developing state like Pakistan, the primary energy ingestion is merely 1/217th of the universe, 1/51th of USA, 1/11.6th clip of Japan and 6.5, 5.8, 5.0 times that of Canada, France and U.K severally. Graph 2.2 Prime Energy Consumption by 2005 In both developed and developing states the energy is consumed in four major sectors including domestic, commercial, industrial and transit. The part of each sector depends on their prevailing energy ingestion tendencies. Energy Consumption Trends in Developed Countries The most energy devouring sector in developed A ; developing states is the edifice sector. In USA the residential and commercial edifices are grouped together because they use energy in the same ways for warming and chilling, illuming, heating H2O, and runing contraptions. Together, abodes and commercial edifices consume more than a 3rd of the energy 39 used in the United States 2007, as shown in Graph [ 2.3 ] .[ 10 ] United Kingdom ( U.K. ) the universe ‘s 5th largest energy devouring state, both residential and commercial sector is devouring maximal energy of 49[ 11 ]as compared to in USA 39 as shown in the Graph [ 2.3 ] . But the common tendency in both USA and Canada remain same and indicates that edifice sector is devouring maximal energy. Graph 2.3 Energy Consumption by USA and UK 2007 Energy Consumption Trends in Developing States India is presently one of the fastest turning economic systems of the universe with more than one billion population. India is 2nd thickly settled state of the universe and stood fifth in the universe with respect to primary energy ingestion in 2009. With regard to assorted sectors, the edifice sector including residential and commercial become the largest consumer of the energy in footings of electricity, histories for 59. The industrial and agricultural sectors accounting for 31 of the entire energy consumed, followed by conveyance sector lending 10, as shown in the Graph [ 2.4 ] .[ 12 ] The adjacent state China ‘s economic growing is responsible for its lifting energy demand, and projections assume that reasonably rapid growing will go on. Gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) grew at a rate of 9.8 per twelvemonth during the period 1985-1995 and is expected to average 6.6 per twelvemonth until 2020. China ‘s energy ingestion has grown and will go on to turn along with its economic system. China energy ingestions are about 10 of the entire universe energy in the twelvemonth 2009. The Industrial sector is the chief consumer of energy, accounting for 50, residential and commercial sector is responsible for 38 and conveyance sector is devouring about 12 of the entire energy produced as shown in the Graph [ 2.4 ] .[ 13 ] Graph 2.4 Total Energy Consumption in India Sector wise, 2009 It has been established from the treatment that edifice sector is a major consumer of energy. Therefore there is an pressing demand to conserve energy to extenuate GHG emanations every bit good as to run into the current and future energy demands. 2.5 Decrease of Green House Gases ( GHG ) Emissions It has already been identified that edifice sector usage more than 50 energy and 70 of electricity produced. Buildings are the major subscriber of GHG emanations and every bit responsible for the addition in Global heating. It is of import to minimise the energy usage in edifices to diminish the inauspicious impact of GHG and the Global heating. The GHG Emissions produced by edifices can be reduced significantly by utilizing energy more expeditiously and by utilizing energy from renewable beginnings of energy. Therefore, there is demand to plan and construct energy efficient edifices to get the better of the flourishing environmental crises. 2.6 Energy Situation in Pakistan Pakistan faces really serious energy jobs particularly for the last one decennary. Its energy resources base is limited. Its domestic production is non maintaining gait with the rise in demand ; its population is turning at a rate of 1.8 per twelvemonth[ 14 ]. Harmonizing to the Economic Survey of Pakistan during the twelvemonth 2006-07, the rapid growing in the Industrial/Manufacturing zones of Pakistan has created a large spread between demand and supply of the electricity during the recent old ages. It is besides concluded that the demand in electricity will be increased at a rate of 7.9 annually from 2008 to 2020.[ 15 ]The tabular array below summarizes the sector wise power demand till the twelvemonth 2020 as shown in the Fig. [ 2.8 ][ 16 ]. Demand AND SUPPLY Fig. 2.8 Supply and Demand of Electricity in Pakistan from 2008 to 2020 Presently the installed capacity of electricity by WAPDA A ; KESC can carry through the current energy demand of the state, but they are unable to bring forth the maximal capacity during the twelvemonth 2008-09, go forthing a immense spread of 4500 Megawatts between supply and demand. Untitled-1 Fig. 2.9 The electricity spread between demand A ; supply during the twelvemonth 2009 Fig. 2.18 The electricity coevals through assorted resorts, twelvemonth 2009 2.6.1 Energy ingestion in Pakistan The residential sector represents 40 of the entire electricity, with industry 31 and agricultural 15 accounting for the remainder,[ 17 ]as shown in the Graph [ 2.5 ][ 18 ]. Pakistan commercial sector includes private and authorities not residential edifices. The commercial sector represents about 5 of the electricity ingestion. Graph 2.5 demoing the electricity ingestion in assorted sectors, twelvemonth 2009 In the commercial sector electricity demand is increasing 14 every twelvemonth, which is higher than the entire energy growing of merely 6. The faster growing of electricity ingestion can be attributed to the increasing incursion of air conditioning, fans and other electric contraptions.[ 19 ] It has identified that the form of energy ingestion in Pakistan has a resemblance with the regional every bit good as the International energy ingestion tendencies where edifice sector is the chief consumer of energy except China where Industrial sector is devouring maximal energy as compared to the edifice sector as shown in the graph [ 2.6 ] below ; Graph 2.6 Comparison of Energy Consumption Trends in Pakistan with Regional A ; International Energy Consumption Trends, twelvemonth 2009 2.7 National Policies for Energy Efficiency 2.7.1 Importance of Energy Policy On the energy demand and supply side, Pakistan is confronting terrible deficits. More than 75 of the entire crude oil merchandise demand is being met by imports, enforcing a heavy load on foreign exchange. Country is besides confronting Peak power and mean energy deficits of 12 and 7 severally. In the current scenario Pakistan requires an energy policy to is seeking to its energy demands to speed up the developments procedure. In the current state of affairs Pakistan is fighting for the last one decennary to speed up its development procedure with the limited energy resources. The lone possibility of its economic growing is to conserve energy by following an energy policy formulated by the Government Authorities. This energy policy should move as a fanciful motion for energy preservation which can significantly cut down the energy ingestion in the coming old ages and can minimise its energy issues. It is of import to do attempt for its consciousness on national degree. It should be the duty of every Pakistani to lend in the execution of such energy policy. The Pakistan Government is seeking to develop and implement such policy for energy efficiency in assorted sectors, in a sustainable mode. The Pakistan National Policy for energy preservation has been prepared by The ENERCON. It is an attempt to advance the effectual usage of national energy resources by presenting different schemes A ; guidelines. These guidelines act as a roadmap for the Government to command the serious energy issues in the nearest hereafter. The policy explores the energy A ; environmental related plans to advance patterns A ; industrial fabrication related to energy preservation A ; energy efficiency. The policy is intended to bring forth an ambiance and consciousness on national degree to advance energy preservation patterns.[ 20 ] 2.7.2 The National Policy Framework Goals The National policy for â€Å" Energy Conservation † has the following strategic ends. The lifting degrees of energy ingestion in Pakistan will be fulfilled with the aid of energy preservation without seting extra load on the available energy resources. Energy efficient techniques and schemes can better Pakistan ‘s economic public presentation and positive impact on the energy resources. Energy efficiency and energy preservation policies can develop extra concern chances and can make employment to cut down poorness in the state. Energy preservation policies would be helpful in the extenuation of nursery gases ( GHG ) and to command their inauspicious impact on the environment. The efficient usage of energy in assorted sectors will increase the economic growing. 2.7.3 Aims The National policy for energy preservation has the following wide based aims Energy preservation should be promoted through modulating the energy resources and implementing the energy direction programmes in all economic sectors of Pakistan. To advance the importance of energy efficiency by presenting and marketing presentation undertakings throughout the state. Create an overall environment to cut down the energy ingestion from assorted economic sectors through appropriate policy steps for a sustainable development. Each economic sector should be appreciated by the Government on successful execution of the energy policies.[ 21 ] 2.7.4 Guidelines for Buildings and Households Sectors The National policy of energy preservation has developed a guideline for the commercial, industrial A ; family edifices are listed below ; Energy scrutinizing in commercial / industrial and house clasp should be introduced to place the job countries. The thermic belongingss of different edifice stuffs in usage should be evaluated with regard to different climatic zones and the edifice energy codifications. Different equipments, fixtures and contraptions used in commercial, industrial and family should be introduced following the energy public presentation codifications. Enhanced Energy efficient constructing systems like HVAC and interior lighting should be introduced to optimise the energy usage in the state. Energy efficient schemes for edifices should be incorporated through relevant governments in building undertakings. 2.8 Commercial / Office Buildings Trends in Pakistan In commercial edifices more than half of its energy is consumed in its infinite chilling, warming and interior lighting. During the last twosome of old ages the usage of glass in commercial edifices becomes the hottest tendency in edifice sector. In particularly commercial office edifices glass has become the symbol of edification and high-tech life manner, without sing its impact on the energy ingestion. This freshly emerging tendency can be seen in the modern metropoliss like Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad, where the new skyline is developing. Pakistan is an under developed state, enduring energy crises for the last many old ages in different sectors. In most of the states including Pakistan the edifices including commercial, residential, public and educational are devouring about 40 of their entire energy produced. The commercial sector includes offices, infirmaries, schools, hotels, shopping promenades A ; eating houses. Each edifice type has its ain alone energy demands. In commercial edifices more than half of its energy is consumed in its infinite chilling, warming and interior lighting. The last few old ages have seen glass go the ‘hottest manner statement ‘ in edifice building. In modern metropoliss like Lahore, Karachi A ; Islamabad skylines have emerged with high-rise edifices clad in gleaming glass, spelling out richness and manner. Peoples today are willing to fling on glass merely to acquire that ‘hi-tech ‘ and sophisticated expression. The latest tendency to capture the illusion of designers and builders is the usage of glass without sing its impact on the edifice energy ingestion. 2.8.1 Common Design Features of Commercial / Office Buildings in Pakistan In Pakistan there is a broad scope of commercial edifices, get downing from a individual floor construction to a high rise multi floor edifice. The commercial edifices which are added during the last one decennary are usually multistoried due to increased land cost. These edifices are designed for multi-functions to suit the activities like Shopping, Offices, and Apartments in order to acquire maximal commercial benefits. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.panoramio.com/photos/original/22689620.jpg Figure 2.10. Jeff Heights with multi map adjustment, Lahore Unfortunately, amongst designers and builders, there appears to be a inclination to restrict the design of commercial office edifices to the external frontage and the circulation system merely. The existent office infinites themselves are no more than readily salable blocks of insignificant infinite. The renters are expected to change over the characterless infinite into useable offices and besides provide the necessary comfortss for their employees. Part of the job lies in the fact that over their life span, office infinites do hold many different users/owners. Hafeez Centre.jpg Figure 2.11. With the alteration of Owners the Facade of Hafeez Centre has changed Foreign coactions / Multi-national Organizations are besides altering the acceptableness criterions in office environment. The new professional building companies both in the private every bit good as the public sectors are, hence, now puting up office edifices and composites with better installations. Now it has been realized that edifices can be designed to expose non merely the wealth but besides the company ‘s merchandises, for showing the societal concerns of the company. The majority of our office infinite is created as bad building and neither the owner/builder nor the designer is able to make much with these edifices. In this state of affairs, most designers concern themselves merely with the seeable elements of design. Mentor Graphics.jpg Figure 2.12. A Multinational Company ( Mentor Graphics ) Head Office Building designed with modern installations A ; International Standards The biggest ocular job is that of infinite chilling or air-conditioning equipment. Not many constructing frontages have infinite for the scope of air-conditioners and evaporative air-coolers soon available. The few efforts at covering with this job have met with partial success merely, and the job exists even in centrally air-conditioned edifices. No equipment maker has yet come out with an air conditioner that looks nice non merely from indoors but from outside as good. Al Hafeez Plaza.jpg Figure 2.13 Shows the AC Outdoor units are looking at the facade Although the chief ground for Windowss is to guarantee daytime, for assorted grounds, even when they have big Windowss, most office edifices are dependent on unreal lighting. In office edifices on tight urban sites the designer seldom gets to take the edifice orientation. The designer frequently forced to supply Windowss confronting unfavourable waies ensuing in ocular unpleasantness when the users have to put in blinds, sunblocks or solar movies. In large metropoliss of Pakistan the important facet of commercial edifices is fire safety which has been realized for the last twosome of old ages. This straight concerns the proprietors every bit good as the users. In building, the duty for put ining fire safety devices lies with the builder who is, unfortunately, non truly concerned about it. In this state of affairs the designer ‘s function becomes more important. Through appropriate design one can guarantee the built-in fire safety of a edifice, a characteristic which is utile if fire safety devices have non been installed. Dislocations in the supply of electricity are common in all our metropoliss. This requires that edifices should be designed for exigency operation even when power is non available. Lifts and exigency services have to be available all the clip. Yet there are few edifices that can run into this demand. In utmost instances people end up put ining inverters with storage batteries or little single petrol/kerosene generators. There are serious jobs of fire safety, environmental pollution and efficiency with all such devices. With the integrating of assorted activities and services, the office edifice can be made ‘intelligent ‘ . A few such edifices are now either on the pulling board or under building. In position of the above given illustrations it is rather obvious that the building of such multistory edifices to carry through the lifting life criterions are considered to be the causes of increased energy demand in edifice sector. A However, a critical rating is required in position of the local climatic conditions. Excessive usage of concrete and glass, high degrees of light and heavy trust on infinite conditioning equipment are a common characteristic of our edifices. 2.9 Research Area Energy ingestion in edifice sector has been an of import research country for developed amp ; developing states due to increasing energy demand worldwide and its inauspicious environmental, economical A ; societal impacts. In Pakistan the current tendency of commercial/office edifices is to build high rise edifices. These edifices require a immense sum of electricity to run. The demand of electricity in such edifices has increased at the rate of 14 per twelvemonth. The current research will research the energy ingestion in high rise office edifices and expression at the ways A ; means for efficient usage of energy in such edifices. 2.10 Aims of Research The chief aim of the research is to develop schemes for the design of energy efficient high rise office edifices in Lahore. In order to accomplish the above objective the undermentioned affairs besides needs to be addressed ; To place edifice constituents A ; systems responsible for increased energy ingestion in high-rise office edifices. To place the energy preservation criterions A ; codifications of pattern to be used as benchmark to find the energy efficiency of high rise office edifices. To look into the energy ingestion tendencies in bing high rise office edifices in Lahore. To develop guidelines for the design of Energy Efficient high rise Office edifices in Lahore. 2.11 Research Methodology A wide scope of information was needed to accomplish the aims of the proposed research. The undermentioned methods are used to roll up the necessary information. Literature Review It is of import to look into the edifice constituents and systems that are important with respect to energy ingestion in high rise office edifices. A list of such constituents and systems is developed after thorough reappraisal of the literature. A figure of energy codifications for edifices are practiced in different states. Different codes A ; criterions are identified and reviewed to choose the most appropriate codifications to be used as benchmark. Information was besides collected with respect to the techniques and tools that are used for the appraisal of edifice energy public presentation. This information is used to choose the most appropriate tool for the appraisal of energy public presentation of edifices. Field Survey It is decided to choose at least two bing tower block office edifices as instance surveies for elaborate probe, maintaining in position the clip available and other restraints. Most of the new commercial / office development are located at Gulberg in Lahore which is being developed as a new concern territory of the metropolis. Selection Criteria A ; Selection of Case Studies The undermentioned choice standards were established to choose the instance surveies ; Building should be complete and in usage at least for one twelvemonth. Building should hold a individual usage. The drawings A ; design parametric quantities of the selected edifices should be accessible. Most of the edifices surveyed in Gulberg are either multi-functional or under building. In some instances entree to drawings and design informations was non available. Therefore, it was decided to choose one instance survey from another country of Lahore. Harmonizing to the choice standards following edifices were selected. Bank of Punjab Tower, Gulberg Lahore JDEL Building at Descon World Headquaters, 18-Km, Ferozepure Road, Lahore The selected edifices were exhaustively surveyed and investigated. All the necessary drawings and design informations was collected through the adviser. In many instances the advisers were loath to supply the necessary information due to security grounds. However, through many attempts, all the necessary information was collected. How to cite Global Demand For Energy Has Increased Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Statement of Purpose free essay sample

People are the life –blood of any vision. The living entity called â€Å"man† combines all the factors of production and produces glorious empires with enduring legacies for generations yet unborn. The present day society has experienced several changes as to the way things are done. The innovations resulted from our various cultural traditions developed over the years ranging from the gigantic pyramid of ancient Egypt to the soaring rocket of space, all in view of creating enabling environment and making human activities easier, man has been the driving force behind all these achievements. Civil Engineering as a field had always fascinated me right from when I was in high school. My penchant for the profession then stems from the aesthetic and complexities of different structures, and also by the pivotal role of Civil Engineers in modernizing this world and its versatile nature since they are among the professionals that hold the aces to civilization. We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of Purpose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I took up a Bachelor’s Degree program in Civil Environmental Engineering at the University of Lagos, Nigeria in order to facilitate my dream and passion for providing efficient Civil Engineering services with respect to safe design and cost effectiveness. This dream has always kept the fire of determination and perseveration burning in me and has inspired me against obstacles and hurdles. But as one goes on learning new things, one realizes that there are many more things one needs to learn to quench one’s thirst for knowledge. The water resources challenges currently facing Nigeria actually propelled me for a Postgraduate degree in Water and Wastewater Engineering or Water Management abroad. It will surely help me in satisfying my quest for knowledge and also aid in broadening my concept from the narrower confines of nationalism to internationalism in specialization of Water Resources Engineering and Management, which will enable me to contribute my quota to the United Nation Millennium Development Goal’s (MDGs) targets for safe water supply and basic sanitations in Nigeria, and thus bring out my forte to the fore. NIGERIA is the most populous country in Africa having a total land surface area of 924,000sq. km, with a total population of 140 million people (2006 census) with an annual growth rate of 3.2% and average density of about 130 persons per sq. km. Its climate varies between semi-arid in the north to tropical and humid in the south and has an average rainfall ranges from about 500 mm/year in the north to over 4,000 mm/year in the south. Most rainfall occurs in well-defined rainy seasons of four to five months (May to September) in the north and six to seven months (April to October) in the south and is typically concentrated in high intensity/storms with high rates of runoff. The northern terrain is flat and sparsely vegetated with river flows that are generally seasonal. The main rivers, Niger and Benue, converge in the central region thereafter flowing south as the Niger to discharge into the Atlantic Ocean through an extensive delta area. The rough estimate of Nigeria surface water is 224 billion m3, but the quantity of groundwater remains unknown. Despite the abundance surface and ground water resources reservoirs, the population, particularly the rural dwellers are still grossly lacking in both safe and inadequate water supply. This situation remains the bane of the Nigerian society at large and is of great interest to me. The water resources challenges in terms of unsafe and acute shortage of water supply currently facing Nigeria include degrading watersheds and water courses in a situation of rapid population growth and diminishing funds; lack of enough manpower; non implementation of water law; competing uses; poor land use; lack of comprehensive strategy on sanitation as a whole, which including excreta disposal, solid waste disposal The storm water drainage system is frequently a disposal point for solid waste rather than sanitary landfill and is a major cause of water pollution either through the storm water drainage system or seepage into the groundwater; Untreated wastewater disposal pollutes the surface water being in an embryonic stage; environmental pollution and serious erosion caused by the activities of oil industries in the Niger Delta regions; lack of: coordination, regulation, asset management, hydrological data collection and its uses, which makes it always very difficult to assemble reliable and adequate technical and socio-economic data capable of assisting in the assessment, planning, design, construction and maintenance of various water development projects. Health implications of water supply deficiencies in Nigeria are enormous especially on the health of young children’s life having an infant mortality rate of 170 per 1000 live births. Of deaths from infectious diseases, approximately 65 per cent are accounted for by typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea disease and dysentery, malaria and tetanus, gastro-enteritis, infectious hepatitis, hookworm, guinea worm, and other parasitic infections, majority of these are related to children less than five years of age and the elderly. I am very much interested in specializing myself in Water and Wastewater Engineering or Water Management because of the role of environmentalist in planning, developing and management of resources in order to maintain human health and environmental sustainability standard. Broad understanding of the issues of water supply and treatment, in the context of burgeoning economic growth in the developing world like ours (Nigeria) and its environmental impact, which include but not limited to; The skills require for Designing an effective and sustainable method of Wastewater treatment and Water quality modeling; Water supply and drainage systems; Basin and Coastal resource management; analysis and design of river flood flows; provision of recommendation on how water sector performance could be improved and Environmental policy for sustainability amongst others are all expected to be achieved from the programme. Being a member of ICE and ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) since my undergraduate studies, I have been exposed to a lot of emerging innovations in the field of Civil and Environmental Engineering through their online publications. I have also realized that possessing ‘Basic Technical Knowledge’ does not alone make a good Professional, so my involvement in organizations like CLO (Civil Liberty Organization) and CDHR (Committee for the Defence of Human Rights) of which some of their tasks include campaigning against the stigmatization of those living with HIV/AIDS and Disabled People, Protection of Human Rights etc, has really helped me a lot in developing my leadership qualities, organizational skills, communication skills and improved my adaptability to work in a group with utmost sincerity and dedication. In building the foundation of my own career, I have sought to synthesize current thinking in Water and Wastewater Engineering or water Management and the application of modern prospecting techniques to the water industry by writing a proposal/recommendation for water resources management polices and strategies for national, state and local levels that will facilitates access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene; Water supply development and rehabilitation; water-shed protection; Basin and Coastal resource management; water quality monitoring and pollution control; environmental protection in a sustainable manner that will reverse the loss of environmental resources and also, stress the need for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on all project activities to be carried out. I intend developing the need to identification of our various aquifers and their geometry, characteristics and the availability of water, because when the groundwater reserve is quantified, their judicious exploitation can be planned to meet their multipurpose uses, which would enable Nigeria to be on track to reach the Millennium Development Goal’s (MDGs) targets of 75 per cent coverage for improved drinking water and 63 per cent coverage for sanitation by the year 2015. I believe man become myths, not by what they know or what they achieve, but the tasks they set for the good of their society. With the long-term goal of serving as a versatile human resource for the sustainable development of both human and natural resources in Nigeria, I hope to be a part of that wave of study and experts that will continue to put Nigeria on track in achieving the United Nations (UN) millennium Development Goal’s in 2015 that include eradicating poverty, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, providing safe water and basic sanitation, combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability and developing a global partnership for development. Statement of Purpose free essay sample A bad SOP, on the other hand, has the potential to drag down an otherwise strong application. In short, the SOP gives you a chance to talk directly to the admissions committee, to make yourself stand out from among a multitude of qualified candidates. Let us look at what a good SOP should typically consist of and the points that you should keep in mind while making your SOP. The primary question that the admissions committee members ask themselves when they read a Statement of Purpose is: What does this essay tell us about the person who wrote it? Potpourris in an admissions officers hoes. From among thousands of applications, you have to choose the fraction of students that will comprise next years incoming class. A mix of interesting, capable, confident and enthusiastic people who will make the class a stimulating place. Academic achievements and good test scores are important. We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of Purpose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But in an era where the majority of applicants have good academic records, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish between individuals and decide upon whom an admission should be granted to. That is where a SOP has a role to play in your admission process. Does this mean that the SOP is the main deciding factor?No. However, only the SOP can bring out your uniqueness. And therefore make or break your application. An applicant who does not take the essay seriously is throwing away the best opportunity available. So, are the admission officers looking for specific personality sorts? Well, yes and no. First of all, they would like to understand what your plans are what you intend doing as a career. Creativity, curiosity, pride in your work, enthusiasm for learning, capacity for teamwork, ability to think independently re all good attributes, and most of us share these in varying proportions.Above all, a proven track record of interest and achievement in academics carries a lot of weighted. But what universities look for is a mix of individuals that together, form a well-balanced class. Writing a reasonably good Statement of purpose is a difficult but not an impossible task. A SOP should include crucial events of your life thou feel make you a unique or a worthwhile or interesting person. You might wonder what this is. Of course, we want to have an effect on the admissions officers. The important thing is to do so without appearing dishonest.If, for instance, you talk about your deep desire to make society a better place, your application should reflect it. Have you done anything to make society a better place? Can you talk about your actions and experiences? A small example of something you did, not necessarily spectacular or magnanimous, can do more towards boosting your chances than the noblest platitude can. Do not try to be something you are not. Be honest, look within yourself and write the good things you have done. Which brings us to the next point self-knowledge.The people who read your essay want to be convinced that you have thought long and hard about who you are, what things you appreciate, what inspires you. What you want out of life, and where you are going from here. It is not necessary to have answers to all these questions. It is necessary to show that you have thought about this. And that lifes experiences have taught you something. Finally, you have to show a desire to learn. From your books and teachers, through research, from your classmates, from music or art, from life itself.Writing your Statement of Purpose (SOP) is a long and intensive process. It is necessary to put in this hard work to come up with an essay that is unique, and which convinces the admissions committee that you are right and suitable for their school. This is a great opportunity to look inside yourself and be rewarded by a better understanding of who you are and what you want. Remember that a SOP should not be a bland statement of facts. Several successful SOPs address some of the issues discussed above through anecdotes, true stories, and interesting incidents but it is not necessary to use anecdotes. Statement of Purpose free essay sample Impact of this technology in Automobile, Aerospace, Marine, Metallurgy and Power Plants has been phenomenal. My inclination towards science began from childhood. I excelled in my school career. My candid and industrious efforts enabled me to get admission in Mechanical Engineering at L. D. College of Engineering, the 1st ranking college of Gujarat University in the year of 1992. My favorite subjects were Dynamics of Mechanics, Heat and Mass Transfer, Operations Research, Control System Engineering and Machine Design. The curriculum also included Auto CAD, Programming in ‘C’ and FORTRAN. I joined the BIRLA COPPER just after my graduation. BIRLA COPPER is one of the largest copper smelter in India and a group company of A. V. Birla Group. The technological know how of BIRLA COPPER is from M/s. Otukompu Engineering of Finland. When I joined BIRLA COPPER it was under construction stage and this gave me the opportunity to see the roots of the engineering. We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of Purpose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During last two years of my experience at project stage I came in contact with latest technical developments and skilled personalities from all over the world. The more practical training I have undergone, the more I want to learn. This inspires me to go for higher studies and forms the basis of my desire to pursue my MS in USA. I believe that by studying in a technological advanced country like yours, I will be able to further enhance my knowledge with the opportunity of getting exposure to the latest development-taking place. Your university with its strong foundation, excellent infrastructure, adequate facilities of labs and libraries and state of the art computer facilities will enable me to enhance my skills. Thus I will be able to realize my professional goals. Opportunities in India for higher education are limited. American education with inputs from associated industries provides expansion of faculties of the mind. With variety of courses and comprehensive set of electives your course structure is very appealing. Your university is an ideal place for aspiring students like me. I always wanted to be a part of an institution like yours, which has faculty comprising of eminent scholars of international repute and provides a stimulating education environment. The Government of India had liberalized economic policies; as result of which a new window has opened to receive technologies. This is creating ‘big-time’ opportunities for student graduating from American Colleges. I desire to benefit from this liberalization. I am convinced that I can change the social and technological environment of my country after graduating from your institute. I will be grateful if I get financial assistance/scholarship/teaching assistantship. Statement of Purpose free essay sample I have been interested in Electronics ever since it was introduced to us in a Physics course I had taken up. As time passed Electronics proved to me to be constant and logical, and magnificently so. This was further augmented as I dove into Electronics and Communication (EnC), which comprised of a carefully designed sequence of studies including Modern Physics, Basic Electronics, Digital System Design, Digital Electronic Circuits, Analog Electronic Circuits, Micro-controllers, VLSI Design and Embedded Systems. These theoretical courses combined with their practical counterparts have provided me with a solid foundation in the field. Out of the varied curriculum that was set for us over the years, Digital Design and Hardware Description Language (DD HDL) and VLSI were two of the subjects that fascinated me. The simple yet brilliant concepts behind transistors, logic gates, FPGAs, CPLDs, logic synthesis, testing and verification, and simulation and implementation of logic devices using VHDL really intrigued me. We will write a custom essay sample on Statement of Purpose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This interest was furthered by my training at C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) Mohali, where I mastered VHDL and developed a project on Traffic Light Controllers using FPGA implementation thereby clearing my basics. I undertook a project for designing a distance measuring system using ultrasonic sensors by programming an ATMEGA micro-controller using Keil. . In order to revisit my programming concepts, I pursued two projects â€Å"Feature Extraction Methods for Gurmukhi Script† and on â€Å"Graphical Representation of Stacks and Queues†, using C++ 2010 and C respectively. I was among the six people who were selected from my college for a workshop at Cisco, on Industrial Exposure. â€Å"Go Green†, an international paper presentation competition organised by Schneider Electric, was another venture that proved to be one of the best experiences ever. Participating in a team of two, my teammate and I were asked to propose innovative solutions for the existing energy crisis and to come up with ideas for conserving energy. We ended up in the top 100 teams from across the world and that infused in me, a lot of confidence, and the merits of teamwork. Through my years at Manipal, I’ve always performed well in academics. From being in the top 5% of my Branch, to consistently excelling in my coursework, I have always been thorough with the topics being taught, and am currently ranked 10th in my batch of 250. Though academics is my forte, I’ve always been able to balance it with co curricular activities and being a part of various clubs at MIT Manipal. I was a part of Institute of Engineers (Students Chapter) for Electronics and Communication, and have worked under various capacities for the same where I learnt the intricacies of the circuits and my concepts became crystal clear. I served as a volunteer for the Cultural and Technical Fests during my first year and went on to organize events myself for succeeding Cultural Fests. I strongly believe in giving back to the community that supports us in so many ways, and have actively volunteered at old age homes, orphanages, clean up drives and marathons as a result of my convictions. In addition, my final semester internship at Schneider Electric, Bangalore introduced me to the real time research opportunity. It is one of the five Research and Development (RnD) centers in Asia, which not only exposed me to an international atmosphere of working due to my constant interactions with our French counterparts but also helped me to explore all the latitudes for research. This opportunity widened my horizons towards understanding the introduction of the latest technologies in the industry. During my Internship I learnt the significance of Electronics in our lives and so has the importance of miniaturization of circuits. Hence, my interest in microelectronics budded. Microelectronics devices have been of special interest to me ever since I did courses in VLSI and DDHDL (Digital Design Hardware Descriptive Language). It was augmented by internship at C-DAC and thus I learnt the intricacies of working with VLSI chips and microelectronic systems. During research, I was astounded by the sheer effect icroelectronics can have and the difference it can make to the world as we know it. The hope of a brighter future using microelectronics coupled with my intense desire to contribute to this field has motivated and enticed me to pursue my further studies in the field. Microelectronics is an area of research which can be used to greatly benefit our quality of lif e, whether in terms of digital technology or medicine or aerospace. It has become increasingly evident that microelectronics will, in the foreseeable future, engulf all aspects of technology and play a multifaceted role in our lives. I aim to be a part of the team that contributes to research dedicated to exploring the depths and boons of this highly challenging, yet rewarding field. While examining your university through the information provided on your website, I have learned that the courses offered by your Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering suits my needs perfectly. Moreover, the on-going research in Biomimetic Microelectronic Systems (BMES) concurs with my interests. Research group Mixed-Signal Systems on Chip (M-S SoC) Thrust led by John G. Granacki is particularly that suits my interests. Since my internships were a mixture of Wireless Technologies to VLSI and Chip designing I think this opportunity will be mutually beneficial for both your institutes and my development. I have also learned that your university is a perfect melange of innovative state-of-the-art research facilities and an excellent faculty. This, combined with the desirable location of the university and its proximity to both the country side and the city bustle, encouraged and motivated me to select your university. With your repute in the field of my choice, I am confident that I shall benefit immensely from all that you’ll have to offer and concurrently I am dedicated to contributing meaningfully to the research endeavors at your institute. Hence, I am forwarding my application for scholarship at your esteemed institutes and request that you give me the opportunity to diligently pursue my endeavors and conquer the heights of my chosen field. I am appreciative of your providing me with this opportunity to express myself.

The Long Shadow of Little Rock essays

The Long Shadow of Little Rock essays Book Review: Bates, Long Shadow of Little Rock Daisy Bates, the author of The Long Shadow of Little Rock, is a civil rights activist, newspaper writer and an officer in the NAACP. In the book, The Long Shadow of Little Rock, she writes about the hate, anger and segregation of blacks in Arkansas. The book is presented more as an autobiography of the author herself, although the story of the integration of nine black students in the Little Rock Central High School in 1957 takes spotlight in the book. Bates mentions about the hardship of her and the nine other students in the effort to defy local segregation and bring integration in the school, as well as in the whole of the US. The author has been able to provide the facts of what racial prejudice was back then in the 1950s. She gives a hint that the whites back then had the right to do anything on blacks during then when she writes about the brutal killing of her mother in a rape attempt by three white men. She also mentions about the differences in education for whites and blacks. The whites would get better facilities in big and new schools, and the blacks had to depend on the poor conditions of their segregated schools. The incident took place during the 1950s, when segregation was common practice. Moreover, the author, who is a black female from the south, had already seen a lot of segregating activities. The most important of all, the murdering of her mother by white men, which changed her views of the world, and especially towards the whites. This grew into a personal commitment in her to help the black community. This can be clearly seen in her articles in her newspaper, as well as in action during the Little Rock Central High Crisis. The author is one of the most influential personalities during the integration crisis in 1957. She was the one who helped the nine black students attend the Little Rock Central High. And she was the one who took ...

Commodification vs. Commoditization

Commodification vs. Commoditization Commodification vs. Commoditization Commodification vs. Commoditization By Maeve Maddox When I first encountered the word commoditization, I thought it was just an ugly synonym for commodification. I’ve discovered that–in American business parlance– commoditization is not at all synonymous with commodification. The Oxford English Dictionary has separate entries for both nouns, but assigns commoditization the same definition as commodification: the action of turning something into, or treating something as, a (mere) commodity; commercialization of an activity, etc., that is not by nature commercial. American usage would agree with this as a definition of commodification, but commoditization receives a different definition in Merriam-Webster: commoditization: to render (a good or service) widely available and interchangeable with one provided by another company. In a business context, commoditization occurs when a manufacturer’s product or a provider’s service loses its initial uniqueness in the market. The Web abounds with articles about this phenomenon: Avoiding the Black Hole of Commoditization How Dow Corning Beat Commoditization By Embracing It How to Avoid The Commoditization Trap Software Commoditization vs. Customization 4 Ways Energy Utilities Companies can Beat Commoditization For the consumer, a commodity is merchandise, something to be purchased. For the businessman, a commodity is a product or service that a consumer feels is interchangeable with any other of the same type. Bottom line: Commodification is putting a price on things that shouldn’t have a price, things like friendship, knowledge, and beautiful women. Commoditization is what happens when a name brand is perceived as being no more desirable than the store brand. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

Pensions as an important financial instruments Essay

Pensions as an important financial instruments - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper are pensions as an important financial instruments that provide economic security to employees once they retire. A pension is a fixed payment that the beneficiary receives on a monthly basis once they reach retirement age. The use of pension plans by corporations became a mainstream practice in corporate America after World War II. In the United States pension plans have become more important than ever particularly for younger people due to the fact that the social security system is not going to be able to help younger adults. The most likely outcome is that generation X will not receive a social security check 30 years from now. Defined contribution plans must be disclosed in the financial statements of an organization. The things that must be reported in the financial statements in regards to pensions include the existence of the plan, the employee groups covered, the basis for determining contributions, and any significant matters affecting comp arability from period to period. The accounting treatment for defined benefit plans is a bit more complex. It is imperative that corporations make pension contributions that are sufficient to cover the benefits that are promised by the plan. Due to the fluctuating nature of the stock market, which is an investment mechanism used by pension managers to obtain a greater return for the beneficiaries, on many occasions pension funds are underfunded. The Pension Protection Act of 2006 stipulated that all corporate pension funds must be fully funded by the year 2013. Pension fund accounting requires the use of actuarial tools to estimate the future value of pension benefits. Two benefit approaches that can be used by accountants are accumulated benefits approach and years of service approach. The difference between the two methods is that one estimates annual pension cost and liability based on existing salary levels, while the other is based on the estimated final pay at retirement. The liability for pension benefits under the accumulated benefits approach is called accumulated benefits obligation, while the liability computed under the benefits/years of service approach is called projected benefit obligation (Clark & Cathey, 2011). The proliferation of the use of pension plans occurred after World War II. The accounting profession immediately took notice of the tendency. In 1956 the Committee on Accounting Procedures released Accounting Bulleting No. 47, Accounting for Costs of Pension Plans. ARB-47 required disclosure of unfunded vested benefits on the balance sheet (Duangplov & Pence, 2007). Pension funds were considered a legal liability after the inception of APB No. 8 in 1966. APB No. 8 also discusses the different components of pension costs. The three components of pension costs are normal costs, past service costs, and prior service costs. The underfunded pension cost became a liability in the balance

Israel and the Palestinians (CASE) Module 4 Essay

Israel and the Palestinians (CASE) Module 4 - Essay Example The situation between Israel and Palestine involves the USA and therefore, the USA risks her acquisition of oil and other resources from the Islam nations (Palestine Facts, 2009). In order to deal with the threat of terror that Israel seem to use as an excuse to intimidate Palestine, the USA should make use of her Foreign Policy to negotiate or intervene the conflict without political or economic bias. It has been reported that the USA’s taxpayers’ money has been funding Israel military operations within the Middle East. Without a clear indication of which nation is instigating or escalating the conflict, the USA has chosen to support Israel in both military and financial resources (Palestine Facts, 2009). The USA has several options on how to approach the conflict between Israel and Palestine conflict. From historical background, the USA has been in record for getting involved in various conflicts between other nations. With regards to these interventions, the USA’s Foreign policy, which is supported by other nations such as the UK, has been a doctrine for maintaining peace among nations. In this case, as a recommendation, the USA should consider the merits of the Foreign Policy before providing support to Israel. The US Foreign Policy is a doctrine supported by the US Constitution and merited by various other bodies such as the UN. Thus, while the USA may not be directly involved in providing military supports to Israel, there are various levels of conflicts that the USA overlooks. Israel has been openly endorsed by the USA in terms of military to carry out anti-terror operations in Gaza Strip and West Bank. As a ally to the USA, Israel has boasted superpower status within th e Middle East due to her military prowess. However, if the humanitarian clause of maintaining peace around the world in the US Foreign Policy holds, then the USA should withdraw support for Israel in order to apply diplomacy in approaching the

The Lonely Toiling :: Philosophy Money Papers

The Lonely Toiling My favorite book has always been A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. This work has an element of self-reinvention that I find attractive. Few themes are as interesting for me as the theme of a man or a woman, by strength of will, changing his or her stars and defying the convoluted schemes of the Fates. In this regard, I feel a special appreciation for Charles Dickens’ work because Ebenezer Scrooge is not reinventing himself for the sake of material gain; the sole purpose of Scrooge’s transformation is redemption. Dickens constructs a dichotomy in Scrooge’s situation that is unrivalled among literary characters. Ebenezer Scrooge is a man whose driving motivation is to cultivate affluence and wealth, yet these seemingly beneficial things are what cause him to lose his humanity and suffer boundless misery and loneliness. As such, the story of Scrooge is a paradox in kind, where the striving for money and the attainment of happiness are not synchronous. Perhaps the reason that I feel so drawn to the character of Ebenezer Scrooge is that I also suffer greatly from this paradox. I stand at the forefront of those about to join the Investment Banking workforce; security and power are the guaranteed welcome mats. However, I cannot help but ponder all the personal sacrifice that this entry shall entail. The hundred-hour workweeks and the burgeoning pressure from superiors will make it all but impossible for me to foster a family or retain any semblance of a social life. Thus, as for Robert Frost, two paths have converged in the woods for me, and I need to choose the one that I shall travel by. To help guide me in this reconciliation between the personal and the professional, I am visited by my own respective literary ghosts of Christmas past, present, and future. I. The ghost of Christmas past arrives to me in the guise of Karl Marx. A short, stocky German man with a thick beard and ruddy eyes, he takes me back to nineteenth century Belgium at the onset of the Industrial Revolution. I view workers toiling over produce that is ultimately taxed out of their hands. I witness the extent to which man is degraded as I look upon the rampant cannibalism caused by the extreme disparity between poverty and wealth. As I struggle to grasp the reasoning behind these sights, Marx explains: The worker becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and extent.